Internal aspects such as self-efficacy and self-esteem and external ones such as the quality of parent–child interactions are among the most important factors affecting the formation of resilience. This study sought to investigate the mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between perception of parents' behavior and resilience in 4-6th grade students in Isfahan. The research design was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study comprised all 4-6th grade students in Isfahan in 2015. A number of 150 students were selected via cluster sampling method and then responded to the Perceptions of Parents Scale (1991), Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children (2001) and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003). The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS21 software and mediating analysis. The results demonstrated that self-efficacy mediates the relationship between perception of parents’ behavior and resilience. Hence, improving the perception of parents' behavior can positively affect self-efficacy and this in turn can build resilience in children. In fact, higher levels of resilience reflect individuals’ perception of their ability to adapt successfully in the face of stress and adversity. Due to the fact that children’s attitude toward themselves is largely influenced by their perception of their interaction with parents, it can be stated that self-efficacy is shaped by the perception of the children of their relationship with parents.